The pyrazole core has been recognized by their biological properties and included in the synthesis of modern agrochemicals. Part of these studies consists of making structural modifications to pesticides for commercial purposes to increase efficacy. In this article, we present the synthesis of four new pyrazol-4-carboxamide 8a-8d derivatives (PCD), through a four-step synthetic protocol, starting with edaravone 1 and primary amines like benzo-fused, aliphatic, and hydrazines, through a process of low environmental impact. Synthesized derivatives were evaluated against one fungal strain of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides BA3, fungus that causes several losses to farmers around the world, through in vitro sensitivity tests. The compound 8c showed better inhibiting behavior against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides BA3, inducing a lag phase of almost 2.77 days. These results were obtained via Gompertz modeling, for the first time reported for biological evaluation of pyrazole-carboxamide derivatives against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

RESUMEN El aumento constante en los precios de los combustibles fósiles y el impacto ambiental que estos producen ha despertado el interés en nuevas fuentes de energía renovables como el biodiésel a partir de microalgas. Este cultivo energético puede potencialmente competir con los combustibles fósiles, debido al alto contenido lipídico de algunas cepas. El presente trabajo muestra la influencia de las variables temperatura, tiempo y relación biomasa/solvente sobre el proceso de extracción de lípidos de microalgas HBE a escala laboratorio y presenta un análisis preliminar de costos de una planta de producción a escala piloto. Se encontró que las mejores condiciones de operación para la obtención de aceite son un tiempo de extracción de 8 horas, una relación biomasa/solvente de 1/40 y una temperatura de 40°C, un análisis estadístico de los resultados muestra que la única variable estadísticamente significativa es la relación biomasa/solvente. Por su parte, el análisis preliminar de costos a escala piloto muestra que el precio del aceite para que el proceso sea rentable debe ser aproximadamente 30,5 USD/kg; un valor alto en comparación con los aceites usados convencionalmente en el proceso de producción de biodiésel.

ABSTRACT The continual increase of fossil fuel prices, and the environmental impact caused by them, has generated the requirement for new renewable environmental-friendly sources. No wonder why, nowadays microalgae biofuels has aroused a particular interest, due to the small farming areas they need, they can grow in several kinds of water and they ensure a large biodiesel production because their high lipid content. This work shows the influence of temperature, time and relationship between biomass/solvent variables in the lipid microalgae extraction at laboratory scale and a preliminary cost analysis for a pilot-scale production plant is exposed. The best work conditions were found and there are an eight-hour extraction spam, a relevance biomass/solvent of 1/40 and 40°C. However, the statistical analysis showed that there is just one significant influence variable on the process and it is the relevance biomass/solvent. In the preliminary cost analysis, it was found that the oil price to become the process a rental one should approximately be 30.5 USD/kg, this is a higher value compared with conventionally biodiesel production used oils.

La utilización de biocombustibles producidos a partir de aceites naturales provenientes de plantas y animales es ventajosa desde el punto de vista ambiental debido a que al ser mezclados con combustibles de origen fósil, disminuyen en proporciones considerables los porcentajes de azufre emitidos a la atmosfera producto de su combustión. Sin embargo, por razones operativas, en algunos países latinoamericanos se utiliza la misma infraestructura para el transporte de biodiesel y Jet-Fuel, lo cual produce contaminación de este último, afectado la calidad, las propiedades del turbo combustible y alterando variables críticas de operación de los aviones en que se utiliza el Jet-Fuel como el punto de congelación. En este estudio, se presenta el desarrollo de una metodología para eliminar la contaminación de Jet-Fuel y biodiesel en el transporte por poliducto con miras a minimizar la presencia de componentes indeseados en el producto final, el análisis de la concentración de biodiesel en el turbocombustible se realizó mediante cromatografía de gases para varias purgas en el sistema. La aplicación de la metodología mostró factibilidad en la dilución de mezclas biodiesel-turbocombustible en poliducto por medio de un barrido y se pudo concluir que el flujo óptimo de dilución para obtener un turbocombustible con especificaciones requeridas es de 800 barriles con un intervalo permisible de operación entre 600 y 1200 barriles de Jet-Fuel.

The use of biofuels produced from natural oils is advantageous from the environmental point of view because when they are mixed with fossil fuels, percentage of sulfur emitted to the atmosphere by fuel combustion is diminished. However, for operational reasons, in some Latin American countries the same infrastructure is used to transport biodiesel and Jet-fuel, resulting in contamination of both fuels affecting the quality, performance for the case of Jet-Fuel and altering critical operating variables of its use in aircrafts as freezing point. In this study, the development of a methodology for avoiding contamination of Jet-Fuel and biodiesel in the transport by pipeline in order to minimize the presence of unwanted components in the final product, the analysis of the concentration of biodiesel in jet fuel occurs was performed by gas chromatography for several purges of the system. The application of the methodology showed the feasibility of the dilution of biodiesel-Jet Fuel mixtures through a pipeline and it could be concluded that the optimum dilution flow was 800 barrels with a confidence operation interval between 600 to 1200 barrels of Jet-Fuel.

The influence of Anatasa/Rutile ratio on TiO2 films, grown by electrophoretic deposition was studied in the photoassisted electrolytic copper ions removal from cyanide solutions. The proper dispersant dosage allowing the simultaneous electrophoretic deposition of Anatase and Rutile was chosen based on electrokinetic measurements; evidenced by the XRD spectra of the formed films. The evaluation of films photoassisted electrolytic copper ion removal showeds that it is possible to enhance the activity of Anatase films by adding some Rutile exploiting the synergetic interaction between these two materials, achieve by its proper deposition.